Behaviorist BF Skinner

lookist BF muleteers work with air analysis which led him to develop his theory surrounding operant teach methods subscribe had a profound impact on todays trainingal system as it led him to research the method of programmed precept its use in contemporary education has shaped the minds of countless pick outers and offered an secondary method of training through its concept of trying to achieve perfect learning through swift feedback. BF mule skinner, the renowned psychologist was known for his controversial scientific advancement to human appearance.(Pierce & Cheney, 2003, p.9) The 1938 publication The Behavior of Organisms An Experimental Analysis became mule skinners commencement ceremony professional work and contained almost 400 pages of the behaviouristics research. It has since been described as a significant volume in the history of the twentieth-century psychology. (Todd & Morris, 1995, p. 7) He wrote a number of books and essays localiseing on his philos ophical system of conductism however two of the most nonable are cognition and Behavior and Verbal Behavior. (Todd & Morris, 1995, p. xxi)His theories offered a contemporary definition to the study of demeanour and were not well received by his peers. Skinner proposed a natural-science border on to human way (Pierce & Cheney, 2004, p. 9) and this contradicted other accepted theories. He believed that the behavior of an being was determined and a result of genetic and environmental factors. His hypothesis eithereged(a) that behavior caused emotions and described them as additional activities of people that undeniable to be explained. (Pierce & Cheney, 2004, p.9)The opposition believed that human behavior was a product of self-determination a result of our feelings, thoughts and intentions. Skinners achievements were endless however hes most noted for his work with experimental behavior analysis, where he essential the theory surrounding Operant behavior. His theory consist ed of operant conditioning or learning by consequences as its major concept. As he was not the first to attack the subject of operant conditioning, he labeled his philosophy, pedestal behaviorism to separate him from the others who had approached the same topic.(Pierce & Cheney, 2004, p. 9) His analysis of behavior brought him to the conclusion that behavior was influenced by the environment and organisms responded in two fashions emotional response and by the involuntary response of the nervous system. In order to change an organisms behavior there must be a impertinently stimulus introduced to the surrounding environment that influenced both areas of human nature. Operant behavior was learned via a series of advantages to clevernessen the new response. (Staats, 1996, p. 40-41)Skinners approach was to offer financial support when the organism displayed the defined behavior over a period of while and on a number of occasions the military operation of operant conditioning. His theory stated that in order to hold up the admit response the conditioning process must determine the strength of response. (Staats, 1996, p. 58) though many of his peers advocated punishment as a deterrent to unwanted behavior Skinner did not agree. His negative response consisted of the simple process of deprivation. (Staats, 1996, p. 58) by a series of animal experiments, Skinner continued to validate his theory.The Skinner Box was his primary tool for his study of operational conditioning. He intentional various versions of the tool to accommodate various species for example, pigeons could peck to accomplish the reinforcement and a rat could not. If the animal performed the desired behavior, a corroboratory reinforcement was automatically caterd, if not it was withheld. The box allowed him to study operant conditioning and the contingencies of reinforcement. (Leonard, 2002, p. 98) In the 1950s Skinners behavior analysis research began to focus on teaching machines.In the 1958 article titled Teaching Machines From the Experimental make of Learning Comes Devices Which Arrange Optimal Conditions for Self-Instruction, Skinner stated that the motivation to obtain more than education existed and in order to meet that demand we needed to do more than continue to build more schools and train more teachers. He believed that Education must become more efficient. (Skinner, 1958, p. 969) He created teaching devices that ordaind special contingencies of reinforcement that rewarded specific forms of behavior. (Skinner, 1958, p. 970)Once the desired behavior was exerted Skinner was convinced that the resulting behavior can be maintained in strength for long periods of time. (Skinner, 1958, p. 970) Later in the article he addressed specific subjects, Teaching spelling is mainly a process of shaping conglomerate forms of behavior. In other subjects-for example, arithmetic- responses must be brought under the control of bewitch stimuli. (Skinner, 1958, p. 970) Skinners programmed instruction consists of three phases1) Small steps obtain small selective information in a step-by-step fashion.2) Overt responding provide a clear response to generate reinforcement.3) Self-pacing working through programmed use at his or her own pace. (Leonard, 2002, p. 90)In 1958 Skinner incorporated his reinforcement methods into the first class of programmed instruction. (Lysaught & Williams, 1963, p. 10) In a speech titled Psychology in the year 2000 given in 1968 to the Department of Psychology of Wayne University, he not only expressed his opinion of the school system foregoing to his studies, he addressed what he believed to be the future of Americas schools.He believed that prior to his research that educational psychology was primarily a matter of measurement. cordial tests dominated the field. Teaching was generally left to common sense. (Skinner, 2004, p. 210) He mat up that the savants studied because he feared the consequences of not studying. (Skinner, 2004, p. 210) He went on to conclude that students slow recognition was a result of teachers inappropriate approach to teaching. (Skinner, 2004, p. 210)He felt that, A good program is simply a shakeup of what is to be learned in such a way that the student is maximally reinforced for learning it in positive ways instead than as a means of escape from undesirable consequences. (Skinner, 2004, p. 210) Though primitive person at the time of inception, over the years and combined with modern engineering science our students are benefiting from his methods by way of computer-based teaching. Programs have been developed to teach spelling, reading, math, and a number of other subjects, as well as colleges and Universities offer accepted Internet-based courses.The program models vary some programs will not allow the student to advance without giving the appropriate response, others will offer more information to guide students to the appropriate response and un iversities are creating virtual classrooms that students have glide path to tools that perform a variety of functions. Though the approach has received mingled feedback, teachers are able to provide more of a one-on-one teaching, as well as further the efficiency of classroom procedure and in the case of universities, students are able to enjoy the convenience of online courses. (Programmed Instruction, 2004)In conclusion, Skinners controversial approach to psychology changed the approach to behavior modification and his methods have shaped the educational put. Student behavior has improved as positive reinforcement is applied to the learning process builds confidence and a willingness to comply. Students of all ages are able to progress at their own pace, which provides and individualized education plan. College students report that they are able to attend college courses and maintain full time employment due to the convenience of online schooling.Skinners over all business ent erprise for providing an environment to influence behavior combined with technology creates a setting that is unique to each student and he or she can learn at a pace appropriate for the individual.ReferencesPierce, W. D. , & Cheney, C. D. (2003). Behavior Analysis and Learning. Mawwah, crude Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Skinner, B. F. (1958). Teaching Machines From the experimental study of learning come devices which arrange optimal conditions for self-instruction. Science, 128, 969 977.Skinner, B. F. (2004). PSYCHOLOGY IN THE YEAR 2000 Harvard University. JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL abridgment OF BEHAVIOR, 81, 207 213.Programmed Instruction. (2004). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed. ). New York Columbia University Press. Retrieved declination 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101265989.Leonard, D. C. (2002). Learning Theories, A to Z. Westport, CT Oryx Press. Retrieved celestial latitude 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www . questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101313032Lysaught, J. P. , & Williams, C. A. (1963). A Guide to Programmed Instruction. New York Wiley. Retrieved declination 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=14538707.Pierce, W. D. , & Cheney, C. D. (2004). Behavior Analysis and Learning. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104826262.Skinner, B. F. (2003). Chapter 14 Radical Behaviorism. In An institution to Theories of Personality (pp. 311-339).Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104786837.Staats, A. W. (1996). Behavior and Personality Psychological Behaviorism. New York Springer. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101935859.Todd, J. T. & Morris, E. K. (Eds. ). (1995). Modern Perspectives on B. F. Skinner and Contemporary Be haviorism. Westport, CT Greenwood Press. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=24397049.