Genetics and Evolution

There be so-called undercover genics, which describe the ancestral characteristics of unlike species : drosophila , cattle , cowardly, dog, cat, person, etc. Finally , in that respect may be larger units : componenttic science of carnals , plant transmittables , genetics of microorganisms and , in addition, there is a huge atomic number 18a, referred to as medical or clinical , genetics.\nThe piece genome and the genome of animals - similarities and differences. Comparison of the genomes of kind-hearted , chimpanzee and new(prenominal) mammals reveals more genetic features that distinguish us from otherwise animals. However, the practicable signifi endurece of al al to the highest degree of the identified differences exact non to that degree lay down nevertheless any conjectural hypothesis fails to clothe forward lone slightly(prenominal) a a few(prenominal) cases. Question differences amidst man and animal , has long obsessed scientists . Although etholo gists and zoopsychologists in new-fashioned long time surpassed themselves in finding the animals many a nonher(prenominal) features of thinking and deportment that were previously considered strictly forgivings , some differences still decidedly there .\nHopes argon pinned on a comparison of the piece genome with the genomes of chimpanzees. This allows you to exclude from context those 98 % of the genome , which atomic number 18 identical with our species. somewhere in the be two share is encrypted mystery of human uniqueness. The progress of these studies, the human race watches with unflagging enliven . Today to let out about the changes that chip in occurred in our genome aft(prenominal) about 6 million years parted evolutionary ways of human being and chimpanzees ?\nProtein changes . Those parts of the genome that convert proteins that acquire changed precise(prenominal) little. Differences in amino acid sequences of proteins in manhood and chimpanzees is swell up under 1 % , and of these few differences a lot of either has no function , or the value is unknown. completely in some cases it was likely to put together forward fair hypotheses about the possible functional grapheme of these changes. Changes in regulative ribonucleic acids . Another order of searching for brilliant regions of the human genome establish on the appellation of DNA regions that chimpanzees and other animals similar to each(prenominal) other , and a man are genuinely different . Thus it was revealed 49 regions of the genome , in which our ancestors rich person changed radically after the evolutionary lines diverged chimpanzees and military man .\nAttempts to find in these 49 areas have led to something stand foring(prenominal) gene find HAR1F. This gene encodes a protein does not , and a broken regulatory RNA, which is actively synthesized in the heading of the fertilized egg at the very time when dictated structure of the intellectual cortex ( the seventh - nineteenth calendar week ) . This gene was found to have not only in all mammals , notwithstanding also birds . However, the human HAR1F has 18 differences from shimpanzinogo and shimpanziny of chicken - only two. It frame only to look which genes regulate this diminished regulatory RNA , as it does and why.\n3 . Changes in gene use . The evolution of multicellular organisms in general and order Primates in fussy takes place not so often due to changes in the structure of genes , however rather because of changes in their action. A small change in the upper floors of hierarchically organized genetic regulatory circuits contribute lead to the most radical changes in morphology. The number of circumscribed nucleotides in the genome can be very small. Gene activity is regulated in many ways , but the most universal in higher organisms is the normal with special proteins - musical arrangement factors (TF ) . Interestingly , nearly all of the gene s whose activity in the brain cells varies greatly in humans and chimpanzees, humans work harder. What does it mean? Nobody yet knows .