Crime and disorder act 1998

Crime and disorder act 1998The ratio of the case is that at bottom section 28(4) of the Crime and Disorder telephone number 1998 those who atomic number 18 not an immigrant of the solid ground, in another(prenominal) words those who are not of a British origin, do refer a racial group. Section 28(4) of the Act defines the terminus racial group which includes nationality (including citizenship) and national origins along with race, colour and ethnic origin. The addition of nationality in the Race traffic Act 1976 section 1 subsection (1)(b)(ii) established that discrimination against the non-British was no longer allowed and therefore it didnt matter that the offender hadnt referred to the women as Spaniards, the fact that he mentioned foreigners betoken the non-British and demonstrates racially aggravated discrimination under the 1998 Act. The judgeship of Appeal addressed the central issue by focusing on the language of section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which includes the two circumstances under which an action would be considered to be racially aggravated, in subsection 1(a), the meanings of certain words in subsection 1(a), the basis of the disrespect and the meaning of the term racial group. The first key trample in reaching the conclusion was mentioned by Baroness Hale, that the basic offence has been committed and that the offence is either racially or religiously aggravated under section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The next step towards the reasoning mainly concerns subsection 1(a) which states that before, after or at the time of committing the offence, the offender demonstrates conducts detestation towards the victim which is based on the victims rank and file or presumed membership of a particular racial or religious group. This subsection is based on an outward manifestation of hostility towards racial or religious groups and that is what the habitation of Lords (HL) interpreted for this case. The HL then accep ted that if the offender had referred to the victims as bloody Spaniards instead of bloody foreigners which were the exact words the offended had gived. However according to the 1998 Act the hostility must be shown towards a particular group instead of foreigners. Then it has been mentioned that the Act requires to be defined by what it is rather than what it is not. Thus the term Spaniards would be covered in the Act but not the term foreigners which refers to all non-British. Then it was established by the HL that the criterion by which the victims are defined, whether it is defined solely by reference to what the group members are not or broadly by reference to what they are, is the same. Finally the last step towards the final examination decision of the case was to obtain the answer to the question whether or not non-British people, those who dont come from a British origin, represent a racial group at heart section 28(4) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, to which the answ er given was affirmative as it would be had the question been regarding whether foreigners represented a racial group indoors section 28(4) of the Act. I find the House of Lords decision to be convincing because of the following reasons The offender has committed an offence and has demonstrated hostility towards the three Spanish women. The evidence for this lies in the fact he then pursued them in a kebab shop in an aggressive manner. The word aggressive is fundamental in this context as it proves that he has shown hostile behaviour towards the three women.According to the facts of the case, after having said bloody foreigners and go back to your own country he then pursued them in a kebab shop in an aggressive manner. This indicates that the offender has committed a racially aggravated hatred under section 28 , subsection 1(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which states that one of the circumstances under which an offence will be considered racially aggravated is if the off ender demonstrated hostile behaviour towards the victims any time before, after or at the time of the offence, based on their racial backgrounds. Therefore the use of the word then satisfies this subsection of the 1998 Act because it indicates that he demonstrated hostile behaviour after committing the offence. It has already been proved that the act was racially aggravated and such acts lead to the denial of respect and dignity towards those who are considered as the others. They are never looked upon as part of the community and it is more hurtful to the victims as such conduct is likely to make them feel discriminated due to their racial backgrounds. Baroness Hale referred to the case of Director of Public Prosecutions v M 2004 1 WLR 2758, where the Divisional Court held that the use of the terms bloody foreigners could portray hostile behaviour towards a racial group, depending on the context. The fact that Baroness Hale referred to this example to back up her discernment mak es the final decision more convincing.Baroness Hale also mentioned that in Attorney Generals Reference (No 4 of 2004) 2005 1 WLR 2810 the CA (Court of Appeal) held that someone who is an immigrant to this country and therefore non-British could be a member of a racial group for this purpose. This statement makes the decision really convincing because it actually states that the three Spanish women, being foreigners and therefore non-British, did constitute a separate racial group and hence the offenders appeal was dismissed. Baroness Hales opinion also includes examples which illustrate a clear distinction between words or phrases which demonstrate hostility towards a racial group and words that only demonstrate hostility towards foreigners only. One such example of this is Wogs begin at Calais which demonstrates hostility towards all foreigners and bloody wogs which is considered to have specific racial connotations. According to an article from telegraph.co.uk , the word wog is a vulgar name for a foreigner. So in other words the term bloody wogs which according to Baroness Hales opinion has racial associations, can also be translated to bloody foreigners. Therefore it shows how the expression bloody foreigners, used by the offender in the case, is a vulgar expression that insulted the three Spanish women. This further makes the House of Lords decision convincing.

The Works Of David Cronenberg Film Studies Essay

The Works Of David Cr iodinenberg Film Studies EssayThe dissertation reviews works of David Cronenberg circa 1976-1999 in notification to Truffauts theories of the auteur to show the relevance of auteur theory in todays cinematic climate. The dissertation exit life at Cronenbergs recurring themes, subjects such as biology, the engagement of insects as a supernatural force, body mutual exclusiveness, and themes of psycho transpargonnt delusion and repression. These themes atomic number 18 consistent in Cronenberg snap practice, and volition form the basis of identifiable traits for consideration in be contemporary autership. It testament look into both of sides of the argument comparing the evidence from sources that believe directorial auterism is a viable concept and those who feel call for making is a collaborative process and at that placefore a director can never truly take ownership of a piece of work.In this chapter the dissertation will besides look at Cronenbergs Rabid which is the directors second feature film. The genre is a Horror film and relies heavily on one of the staple themes of the lamia sub-genre Infection which in this case a strain of rabies being passed on from person to person through the exchange of bodily fluids. The plot is naive girl f all in alls off motor round, girl has pioneering yet defective surgery, surgery bids girl into bloodthirsty vampiress The recurrent themes ar ones of body modification (surgery), faceless health check organisations, grammatical gender and penetration, curiously in the manifestation of a phallic, knife- equivalent probe that emerges from lead actress Marilyn Chambers armpit to stab and infect her victims. The dissertation will discuss the divergent aspects that make up the film including the actors and their performances, staging (Director of Photography) the narrative and the script and look to relate them back to Truffauts guidelines to highlight key elements.Dissertation chapter 3 The Fly (Dir. David Cronenberg (1986)A scientist invents a teleportation device and accidentally teleports both himself and a fly at the same time. This unfortunate event leads to the scientist becoming part man part fly. The film is a allegory of blind ambition, a love story and also a story of metamorphosis. The consistency in Cronenbergs choice of film crew (Director of Photography, composer etc) will be looked at in detail and compared to his previous films along with the other recurring themes mentioned in the introduction.Dissertation chapter 4 CONCLUSIONIn this chapter the dissertation will compare the recurring themes between the films in relation to Truffauts theory of autership. This correlation between the content of both films and Truffauts work aim to show that, Cronenberg can in fact be classed as an auteur.Chapter 2Rabid.Rabid is a 1977 film both written and directed by David Cronenberg. It is often seen as a denouement to his 1975 film Shivers both films deal wit h the subjects of disease and call downuality. The film tells the story of move Cronenberg has stated that he named her Rose as a metaphor for her innocence. Rose is play by American pornographic movie star Marilyn Chambers and tells of her newly acquired taste for blood that appears later on pioneering life saving surgery after twinge a horrific motorbike crash. The skin graft surgery that Rose undergoes causes a mosquito like probe to appear in her armpit which she then uses to potable the blood of her victims. The probe itself is very phallic and is sheathed in something that resembles a vagina adding to the metaphor of this being a way of spreading sexual disease. The disease in this case is explained as a rare strain of rabies.The opening scenes of the film are set in the Keloid clinic. The director seems to have intentionally apply this as a name for both the clinic and the head surgeon Doctor Dan Keloid as Keloid is a biological term for a causa of scar. There is a dis cussion close investors being affaired in putting money into the clinic between the members of staff to help create a franchised series of plastic surgery resorts which although shot in 1977 seems to reflect the modern day attitude to plastic surgery. It mirrors the blas approach of people to undergo potentially life threaten surgery in the name of personal appearance. The character of Lloyd Walsh (Roger Periard) is introduced into the story by stating that, Ive already had my ears done twice, im just here to get my eyes done there is evidently nothing wrong with the bags under Lloyds eyes. The discussion of franchisation is transposed with the images of a couple on a motorbike, Rose and her boyfriend, Hart Read (Frank Moore). The sequence on the motorcycle is very similar in style to sequences in the 1969 film Easy Rider. Close ups on the drivers foot changing gear are interspersed with shots of the bike weaving along country lanes. This editing technique is a horror film stapl e with quick cold shoulder from actions that seem quite banal cutting back to other action that is building inevitably into catastrophe and violence. The tension helped to build by the use of sound, Howard Shore as the composer for Rabid has employ thread and driving synthesizer noises and increasing in volume. As the motorcycle winds through the country lanes we see that a third set of protagonists are brought into the scene in the form of a camper van with a family in. As the camper van driver realizes his mistake in taking a wrong turn he turns the van around blocking the road.Close up on Rose as she realizes they are ab away to crash. (Rabid 1977)Inevitably the couple on the motorbike swerve and Hart gets thrown clear from the wreckage Rose however ends up underneath the bike which bursts into flames burning her badly. The scene then cuts back to the Keloid clinic where one of the patients in the hospital has witnessed the crash and alerts the medical staff. They promptly ma ke the decisiveness to take the ambulance and help the crash victims. The use of the location in which the clinic is set helps the earr for each one to realize that without this help then Rose would surely die. Cleverly, Cronenberg has set the clinic in the middle of the countryside. It is clearly in the middle of winter as there are no leaves on the trees and the fields are akin to barren waste ground. The clinic itself is a cold, faceless building with grimyened windows and is surrounded by forest. This is consistent with Cronenbergs use of faceless organizations such as shadowy media companies and in this case a medical establishment. The hospital appears to be the modern day equivalent of Draculas castle or some other horror film haunted house staple. Monaco states thatTo experience a Horror film was cathartic, the elements are well known there was litany to each popular genre. Part of their pleasure lay in seeing how these basic elements would be treated this time around (Mon aco, 1981)Suffice to say that when we watch films from the horror genre we are expectant of seeing these certain location and character stereotypes although in the case of Rabid, Cronenberg has understanded the haunted castle with the mad professor into a more modern setting with the use of the Keloid clinic as a key location. The mad professor has now transformed from being that of Dr Victor Frankenstein or Doctor Moreau to one of experimental plastic surgeon Dr Dan Keloid. The use of the faceless medical organization is consistent throughout Cronenbergs body of work throughout the mid-seventies and eighties.Upon the arrival of Rose into the clinic for life saving treatment, Cronenberg seems to have prophesized the modern surgical technique of stem cell research and given Dr Keloid the ability to ware skin tissue from Roses thigh and then use this to grow skin grafts that replace the damaged tissue that is affected by the crash. This yet again is another horror film staple this experimental almost maverick attitude becomes the surgical equivalent of a character deciding to walk down the dark alley when there is a serial killer on the loose. Throughout this time Rose remains in a coma. The editor Jean LeFleur has used a static title stating one month later to show the passage of time and the fact that Rose has been in a shock generate coma for a long time.Changes in time and space invite audiences to make an immediate comparison between two distinct topographic b dismissaloms in time. Changes in time and space may mark the presence of central conflicts or emphasize important stages in character development (Pramaggiore, M. and Wallis, T., 2008)To show the development of a character that is essentially immobile and unable to communicate without the use of something like dream sequence for instance would be challenging to the director. It seems that what initially appears to look like a potentially lazy plot device in the use of a title to show the passage of time actually becomes a logical tool to show the development of Roses character. It is at this point that Rose awakens from her coma. It is suggested to the audience that by Rose unflinchingly removing the Intravenous drip from her arm that something might not be right. Fellow patient Lloyd Walsh discovers Rose lying in her hospital bed thrashing around her breasts uncovered. Rose claims to have no recall of the accident nevertheless complains of being cold and wants Lloyd to embrace her for warmth. Beard says thatMetanarratively there is a kind of male-sexual-fantasy skit going on, with Lloyd as the male viewers stand-in man accidentally comes upon bewitching young woman semi-naked in a hospital room his safety as a voyeur is guaranteed by the womans unconsciousness when she does awaken, she begs him to hold her because she is cold- another fortune for covert sexual satisfaction (Beard, 2006)This part of the scene can be construed as Roses awakening of her dormant blood lus t and her way of using her sexuality to entice her prey into physical contact so she can feed on them. Another way of looking at it is that this scene is Cronenbergs dark comprehend of humor coming to the fore. Casting a porn film actress in what audiences would regard as a relatively mainstream film and then placing her in a scenario not too dissimilar to the plot of a seventies porn film could be seen as amusing. The scene plays out with an ironic twist of peck the male viewers on the side of Lloyd want to see this beautiful woman let Lloyd have sex with her, it is however Lloyd that is the one who gets penetrated with a phallus.Rose strikes with her armpit spike, and the scene once more is sexualized (again metanarratively) and in an unexpected way that reverses the roles of sexual attacker and victim (Beard, 2006)Rose then feeds on Lloyds blood, and Lloyd having no recollection of this starts to wander the hospital looking for help. He has no recollection of what has happened to him and as there appears to be no evidence of Rose having been awake at all it is assumed that Lloyd has had a stroke and fallen. However when the staff enter Roses room everything is in disarray and one of the nurses tells Doctor Keloid she believes Lloyd has tried to molest Rose. The decision is do to send Lloyd to the general infirmary in the city after they have taken some blood smacks. This decision is a turning point in the story and shows how Cronenberg has married together several different horror staples a vampire movie has now shows some of the traits of becoming a living dead film too. The idea of a single infected person being sent back into the general community unaware of the disease they are carrying after a wrong diagnosis from the doctor, furthering the spread of disease is something that has been used time and time again in film making. Metaphorically speaking the disease could be thought of as a sexually transmitted infection as the situation in which it wa s passed had definite sexual undertones. After Rose has fed on Lloyd they lay down in what appears to be some kind of post coital bliss.Rose attacks Lloyd and feeds on his blood, she strokes his hair and they lay back down on the bed. (Rabid, 1977)After Lloyd is sent to the general infirmary in the city, Dr Keloid looks at Lloyds blood sample through a microscope and realizes that something Is not quite right. The blood sample is shown through the point of view of the doctor and the blood cells are being attacked by other mutated cells. This representation of the disease is akin to watching a sperm cell fertilize an egg except in the case of the disease the sperm like disease is not fertilizing a cell but eating it instead. This imaging is akin to the spread of the disease throughout the populace shown later on in the film.Cronenberg stated that,Rabid was about the spread of disease, how a consentaneous city is finally almost brought to his knees by a sexually transmitted disease . My imagery tends to be very body oriented. I think Im interested in transformation as well, but not in an abstract spiritual sense or at least not at first, but in a very physical sense.In the case of Rabid it seems Cronenberg is not concerned with besides the physical transformation of the protagonists, but also it seems the transformation of order as a whole. It could be assumed that within Rabid, Cronenberg is addressing the changing attitudes of society and that the end of the free love attitude of the sixties and seventies is changing. Sex is no longer safe he appears to be saying. The final scene of the film shows Rose dead on the pavement. Government soldiers that have been charged with controlling the population and keeping the spread of the disease under control find her and throw her into the back of a garbage truck. Muir (2006) proposes that Cronenberg is merely having a stab at women and implying that it is women who are the carriers of disease and that the final sce ne with Rose getting thrown away emphasizes his thoughts on promiscuousness within women equating them to the likes of garbage.Rose, dead, is thrown away into the garbage truck. (Rabid, 1977)Chapter 3 The Fly.Im saying Im an insect who dreamt he was a man and loved it, but now that dream is over and the insect is awake.- Seth Brundle (The Fly, 1986)The Fly is a 1986 film directed by David Cronenberg and produced by Mel Brooks. The film is a remake of the 1958 film of the same title directed by Kurt Neumann which is in turn base on the short story by George Langelaan. The Fly was Cronenbergs biggest cinematic success to date. The director has completely re-imagined the film of the fifties and transformed it into a love story between two characters. The film focuses on Cronenbergs recurring obsession with the horror of the human body. The scientist Seth Brundle (played by Jeff Goldblum) and magazine journalist speedwell Quaife (played by Geena Davis) are the main characters involve d in the story. Goldblum plays one of the archetypal Cronenberg staples, the mad scientist. Unusually for Cronenberg the scientist is a likeable character, slightly awkward but ultimately charming. As is the average for the director, Brundle works for a faceless scientific organization Bartok Science Industries who are financing Brundles work. The pair meets at a press event held by Bartok. Brundle convinces speedwell that his work will change the course of human history. Wisker (2005) states that Cronenbergs fascinations lie in the perversions of science being manipulated by corporate interests and how humans, initially unaware, are sucked in to the risk of exposure resulting in devastation. This is especially the case regarding the character of veronica Quaife although it seems that in this scenario, both parties involved had the best intentions and both were unaware of the horror which was to follow. When Brundle asks Veronica to come and look at the project he is working on bo th characters has ulterior motives, Brundle wants sex and Quaife wants a story for particle magazine. Brundles project is one of teleportation he is on the verge of mastering teleportation via the use of two pods. Brundle and Veronica go back to his workshop, when they arrive outside the building he lives in the building is dark made of brick and has no discerning features as are the majority of Cronenbergs choice of location throughout his career. The dark building where inside the viewer knows that scientific horror waits. In Rabid (1977) it was the use of a plastic surgery clinic, an apartment block in Shivers (1976) and in The Fly it is an old red brick mill type building.Muir (2007) claims that Veronicas payoff on Brundles work is one of humanization, initially it is seen that Brundle has the single minded focus of an insect already, in one particular scene Veronica looks in Seths public press only to encounter five sets of the same clothes. Brundle states that this is purely so he will not have to expend energy worrying unnecessarily about what he is wearing, thus allowing him to concentrate fully on his work. Veronica teaches Brundle about Flesh and about with that comes feelings that seem to have eluded Brundle throughout his manhood feelings of love and making love are intermingled with anger jealousy over Veronicas suspected continuation of a relationship with her former lover. This is not the case however and we learn early on that veronica wants nothing more to do with Stathis (John Getz) who also happens to be her boss at the magazine. It is this drunken and jealous rage that leads Seth to decide to use his teleportation pods to change himself. As shown to the audience previously transporting living flesh has not gone well to say the least, initially the transportation of a baboon led to the baboon being glowering inside out. Metaphorically speaking the baboon incident coincided with the introduction of Veronica into Brundles life, figurative ly speaking it was not just the baboon that was turned inside out but also Seths life.Brundle tries teleporting a baboon with devastating results (The Fly, 1986)Without the introduction of Veronica it is assumed that uncalculated risk would not enter into Brundles research however fueled by alcohol and jealousy he decides to transport himself in the pods. Whilst entering the transportation pod Brundle fails to notice a fly has entered in with him. As the door seals the audience realize, so is Brundles fate.It is at this point that Cronenbergs film becomes a story about the frailty of human flesh and as with the major body of his work a metaphoric tale of disease, loss and the relationship between human and machine. As Brundle leaves Pod B he feels more alive than he has before unaware that the computer has fused, on a genetic level, both himself and the fly together in to what Seth refers to as, Brundlefly. Seths behavior gradually becomes more animalistic he becomes more sexually a ggressive, stronger and exhibits more risky behavior. Brundle thinks that he has somehow purified himself, by going through the machine and being pieced back together he somehow thinks that the computer has improved him. It becomes apparent to Veronica that maybe things are not quite right with Seth after the discovery of coarse black hair growing out of Seths back. After Veronica has the hairs medically examined it transpires that they are insect hairs. Seth is in denial and tells Veronica that, Ive become free, Im released and you cant stand it.Hairs sprouting from the back of Seth Brundle (The Fly, 1986)When Veronica points out that Seth is not well he retaliates by going to a bar with the sole purpose of finding another woman to have sex with. in a scene which seems to encapsulate both Brundles new found animalistic masculinity and his wanting to take his anger and hurt out on another being he enters into an arm wrestling match. He bets the men one hundred dollars and the hand o f the girl at the bar who is with the men. Brundle starts to arm wrestle, snow-clad almost sperm like fluid seeps from his hand as he wrestles the man. With little effort, Seth breaks the bigger mans arm and walks off with the girl. Cronenberg yet again punishes promiscuity like he has done in previous films such as Shivers and Rabid. In the case of Brundlefly a combination of promiscuous behavior and risky scientific procedure leads to Brundlefly becoming diseased in a very noticeable way. The transformation of Brundle into Brundlefly at least at first seems to replicate the physical characteristics of AIDS. Derry states thatIn Cronenbergs, movie the scientists early manifestation of bodily change resemble the skin lesions of Kaposis sarcoma, the cancer so common in the early stages of AIDS-related immune dysfunction. As these changes transform him into something monstrous-looking that even his girlfriend recoils from. (Derry, 2009)Lesions on Brundles face, similar to Kaposis sarc oma (The Fly, 1986)Derry is making the point that within the context of a horror film Cronenberg is asking a profound psyche on whether or not we as a society can show compassion for the degradation of people who are suffering from debilitating disease. By ignoring or failing to embrace these people due to revulsion are we becoming monsters ourselves? Veronica shows us that she is a strong and compassionate character by comforting Brundlefly even though to the viewer he has become a repulsive monster. Cronenberg has said thatThe AIDS connection is very superficial. I see it (The Fly) as talking about mortality, about our vulnerability and the tradgedy of human loss (Cronenberg)This may well be the case but in the context of which the film was released it seems no doubt inevitable that viewers would link the film with the AIDS paranoia of the nineteen eighties. Seth Brundle states in the film that, I seem to be afflicted by a disease with a purpose, wouldnt you say. In a social cont ext at the time HIV and AIDs were misunderstood diseases with a lack of education, especially from the government and public misinformation and rumours adding to the fear felt by the public. Cronenberg has yet again tapped into the fear of the unknown. Speculation about the films hidden meanings and metaphors certainly helped gain public interest for the film and to garner huge box office success for the director. In one particular dream sequence there is scene involving a large(predicate) Veronica giving birth in the hospital. The surgeon, who in this case is none other than the director himself, pulls what the audience are led to believe a spoil from Veronicas womb. Amidst the screening the audience, as well as veronica see for the first time that this is no ordinary bungle and she has given birth to a baby/maggot hybrid. This reflects the fear of the public during the AIDS crisis, what if my unborn baby is infected? What if somehow my baby is different?Cronenbergs cameo as a s urgeonas he pulls the maggot baby from Veronica. (The Fly, 1986)Jrgen Mller, Herbert Klemens (2003) Claim that, along with several other films of the eighties, The Fly is dealing with the theme of a person, in this case Brundle, looking for the Lost Secret the need for a person to become something which they are not. In the case of The Fly Cronenberg has touched on this theme but as is usual for the director the theme is ground around the fact that if anyone tries to transgress the boundaries set by nature they will be found guilty of hubris, punishment in the case of Seth Brundle is creep dissolution. Once he has felt how perfect a specimen he can be as a man, once he has achieved this greatness the only possible way for the character to go is down.

Dollarization in Cambodia

Dollarization in CambodiaDollarization occurs when a demesne uses US Dollar or otherwise currentness instead of or along with local cash. The picture of sawbuckization evoke be as follow utilise sawbuck for commit Deposit, paying debt, buying advanceds and service, measuring national cypher. 1 in that respect are three types of dollar signization official, semi-official, and unofficial. semiofficial dollarization occurs when a country use dollar as the legal cracking instead of domestic property. For example, Panama is the dominant official dollarization adopter. It has no domestic bills published at exclusively. The plump for type is Semi-official dollarization. Some countries in the gentlemans gentleman use US dollar and domestic currency at the same duration in other word, they use bimonetary organisations. This allows people to make amaze in US dollar, do some doing, just it only act as second occasion in paying take, task, electricity, and daily ex pense. Adopting this system, the central swan can place its own monetary form _or_ system of government. Cambodia, Lao, and Haiti are the examples of semi-dollarized countries. Third, in unofficial dollarization, some countries legal age wealth is hold in exotic currency and people can use US dollar torpedostituting domestic currency all de jure or illegally. In short, when a country uses other currency beside it own to substitute the three functions of the monetary, it is theoretically that the country has been dollarized formally, semi-formally or informally.2. World Dollarization Implication at that place are two main aspects of dollarization. Dollarization is the subject of not only the economic or excessively of Politic. Economists think that money is only just public goods which consist of three functions sloppeds of ex compound, store value and unit of account and its purpose is only to locomote the economic transaction. Dollarization is the symbol of the US power de confinesine country money. The US aid for the reconstruction of Western Europe by and by the World War II and many other countries, the role of US in world stage became more(prenominal) important. Then after the abolishment of Gold Standard in 1971, the US dollar overly became the main currency in the world. Because of reverse of pecuniary crisis, some countries adopt dollar US to reduce the risk and create permanentness. For, those countries adopting dollarization is only another(prenominal) end point for fixed exchange rate compared to US dollar with start much elbow grease2. Comparing to ontogenesis country currency, it is more reliable, valuable and profitable in doing cover, storing value, and making transaction. However, some countries use other currency with analogous quality such as Germany mark, Japanese yen and now Euro in Europe.Beside economic value, money contains purchasing power which is the heart of smooth. The power has distri scarcelyed to the crea tor, the exchanger, and especially the controller. Thus, statistical distribution of money does not only create hierarchy of people but it also creates hierarchy in the world.3 However, for some other countries dollarization is the heart of political interest. For instance, using US dollar in Latin America implies its dependence on US and also shows its inferior. East Timor adopt US dollar as its official currency to prevent Indonesian influence. In short, dollarization can be characterize into two economic and politics. Through both means the dollarization is becoming new influence of US in the world.3. Dollarization in Cambodia DollarizationAccording to IMF the proportion of Dollar in economic circulation is 90% which is indifferent for a decade ago. In an article dollarization in Cambodia, and policy options on the way forward, Menon (1998) concluded that dollarization is not the problem, but is merely symptom. The problem (or the cause) is a lack of confidence in the riel, whil st the symptom (or the effect) is the use of another currency such as the US dollar.4 Dollarization in Cambodia is the result of both past and present economic and politic status. Dollarization in Cambodia is the direct legacy of the ravaging of economic and financialInstitutions after the 1970s, economic mismanagement in the eighties, and the large inflows of US Dollars during the UNTAC period in the early 1990s5.Today, in Cambodia the US dollar soundless serves all three functions of money it is widely used as a medium of exchange, store of wealth, and unit of account. The fact that dollarization is not the real problem but it is the lack confident in riel can be rooted as distant as the Khmer Rouge Regime. In 1975 the revolution of Khmer Rouge excessivelyk over the Cambodia politic and saving. influenced by the Marxism, to make Cambodia a communist country the Pol Pot abolish riel currency as strong as stop the national bank operation and thus hope to fill the gap of the ri ch and the poor. Cambodian people lived in hardship without any personal business action at law, any mean of store value or exchange, on sequestered ownership. Fortunately, in 1979 the population was turn ind however, this country returned to the state of traditional economy using barter system. Then, not until 1980 did riel currency appear again. Experiencing shock in 1975 when their saving money became scraps in only days, Cambodian people later preferred to use other means such as gold, silver, jewelry for exchange. Most people used riel currency for only small transaction and not over 50$ saving. When the dollar was introduced again in 1990s, it is generally accepted along with previous gold and silver money. As much 1.7 as US million dollars has poured in Cambodia finished UN peace keeping activity, the UNTAC6. This fact paved the ship canal of Cambodian economy depend on the solider money US dollar and Cambodia was easily the or so extremely dollarized country in Asia, and one of the highest in the world The share of dollars in currency Circulation is highest in Cambodia, estimated at about 90 percent. Nowadays Dollar unruffled plays major role in business transaction, and the major deposit in bank. The existence of dollarization in Cambodia is also expected to last. Another reason for Cambodia in evaluate dollarization is just a pressure of its country as a developing economy. Even though Cambodia has done three decade or reconstructing the economy, reducing political and economic uncertainty, in that respect are more actions to be done to get out of dollarization. While growth and political uncertainty greatly has been reduced, Cambodia remains a low income country with significant inequality and poverty, and some degree of political uncertainty remains. For example, political turmoil in 1997 combined with Asian financial crisis would gift been more even more threatening to Cambodia if it had not been dollarized.4. ConclusionAs many states have problem in both economic and politic perpetualness and weak monetary system people will consider using another currency which is more stable and valuable in most situation. In the serious illustration some countries do not have own currency at all but US dollar. As the US has strong monetary regime its currency impress those developing states to use US dollar therefore, US may somewhat influence those state in both economic and politic. Some states may be dollarized in order to create financial stability however, they are unsure what can US do with dollarization for politics. Cambodia is not the exception. Since 1970s and had been attracted to new currency US dollar in since 1990s. Until now, the degree of dollarization has changed only a little. Dollarization was injected so gradually that people get accustomed to it notwithstanding the presidency effort to de-dollarize in the last decade. Cambodia economic and politic problems tranquil fuel dollarization existence. Ne xt egression is to discuss the advantage and disadvantage in Cambodia.MC2 speckle of Dollarization in Cambodia Today and Its Cost and BenefitAfter the two decade of United Nation Transnational Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) operated peace keeping activity and introduce dollarization in Cambodia, with high economic performance with average two digits GDP growth and considerable political stability Cambodia should have come out of dollarization already. However, Cambodias economy is still highly and increasingly dollarized which urge the governance to critically consider whether to de-dollarize by compare its live and benefit.The status of Cambodia dollarization today is not far different from the 1990s1. The dollar still serves three functions in this economy making transaction, storing value and universe used as unit of account. The cash dollar in circulation in Cambodia is 90% of all value of transaction which is similar as a decade ago. Dollar has been widely use for private sector wage payment, medium of international trade and also purchase large value products. Moreover, dollars also dominate the currency deposit as storing value instrument in Cambodia. According to the National Bank, the foreign currency deposit in broad money (M2) is accounted for 75% in 2006 increasing from 54% in 1998. Furthermore, 97% of bank deposit is in experimental condition of dollar. The recent increase in dollarization is the result of two main points the higher(prenominal) economic growth and recent political stability has contribute to more dollarization. When the investor think Cambodia is a good place to invest they will inject more dollar investment. In addition, the open trade economy also allows Cambodia to do more trade with other countries using dollar as medium of international trade exchange.Long before this happen the issue of dollarization has been discussed on court and benefit but at this time it is even more critical to figure out that the constitute of dollarization is more than benefit in Cambodia2. The benefit of dollarization in Cambodia can be encouraging saving, preventing capital flight, providing low risk of currency and exchange rate devaluation. First, the dollarization increasing saving when there is a better currency that is more reliable, therefore, people will tend to save in the bank in dollar to increase their wealth as well as lubricate the economy. Second, this also prevent hot money go out Cambodia in a short time of return from investment because investor still deposit money in local bank and transfer to their homeland at any time when there is high portion of dollar deposit in the bank. Last but not least, dollarization provides security from the risk of currency devaluation and exchange rate derogation. When the local money count inflation or depreciation the dollar holder will not worry about the value of asset they hold in dollar. On the other hand, those benefits are little comparing to cost of dollariza tion. First of all, riel is the national symbol of states sovereignty so using dollar is really affect sovereignty and national identity. Second, When Cambodia use dollar as dominate to riel currency, the national symbol has been eroded because the people do not trust their own government. Instead of get easily affected by local inflation, the dollar holder get easily affect by dollar instability especially in recent years. Thus, it means that Cambodia is somewhat dependence on the US federal monetary policy. Finally, dollarization make local monetary policy less effective, in other word, the central bank cannot use its own currency to fully stabilize footing and economy. When government want to print more money it will not increase much in the economy because most of transaction done by dollar and the government also cannot control the interest rate since the most deposit is in dollar not riel. presidential term also cannot get inflation tax (print money to finance short term def icit but let go the inflation) to finance the government budget especially in hard time.3 Being unable to use inflation tax or seignior age to support emergency postulate the government of Cambodia is estimate to loss seignior age to be $682 million at the end of 2004, with an additional $61 million lost annually. and especially in the case of paying the military, the Barry Eichengreen (1994) Money can be printed to pay soldiers, to purchase materiel, and to underwrite the other costs of a war of national defense without having to wait for tax returns to be filed or for a foreign loan to be extended. As the state sovereignty and beingable to use own policy is really important the cost burden by dollarization in a higher place have already exceed the benefit. Thus it is time for Cambodian government to get more effort in de-dollarized campaigned despite the problem of lack of both commission and mental object. In short, even though the economy and politic of Cambodia has improve d the dollarization has not been eliminated but it increases because of the more free market mechanism. However, dollarization has land more cost such as hindering Cambodia from using its own monetary policy, eroding national sovereignty and being not able to finance government budget deficit which is far more significant that the benefit such as creating price stability, encouraging save and discouraging capital flight. This is the high time for Cambodia government to respond to those issues. Cambodia cannot stay aside from dollarization as it shows the higher level. The Cambodia government has to show its commitment and strengthen capacity to combated dollarization either locally or regionally.MC3 Policy Option for De-dollarization in CambodiaThe government of Cambodia has realized that the current situation of dollarization inCambodia has higher cost than benefit. The cost is that dollarization has weakened domesticmonetary policy capacity to manipulate the financial and monetar y system date the benefit hasgone to price stability and trade and investment integration. The Cambodian government hastherefore, allowed the side effect of US federal policy to influence its economy for a long timeeither good or bad. Thus, it is high time for Cambodia to strengthen de-dollarization. There aretwo main procedures in de-dollarization which are domestic policy and regional policy.However, this musical theme will cover only the possibility of policy option done by the Government ofCambodia alone. The suggested policies to de-dollarized Cambodia economy are fulldollarization, currency board agreement, and refer Interim policy reform. However, the latest seems most preferable. The first choice of Cambodia is to move forward to full dollarization following theprecedential example in Latin American economy especially Panama. Adopting this policy,Cambodia has a great save in transaction cost, is easy to integrate it egotism in the regional and globaleconomy by trade and c apital flow and also maintain high price stability. However, fulldollarization seems not the right choice for Cambodia. Since Cambodian economy does not finishingly related to US and thus it does not allow Cambodia to keep track with US economy easily.Moreover, giving up riel currency implies scarifying more seigniorage benefit to US and has nomore ability to use own monetary policy as the lender of last resort of domestic commercialbank. Moreover, the government of Cambodia hasnt showed any commitment to turn to keepdollar as legal tender. The Minister of Ministry of Economic and Finance, Mr. Keat Chhun at theLaunching Cambodian Economic Forum in 2006 said However, it should be seen that theRoyal Government is now implementing de-dollarization. Our economy must be based onnational currency, which should be based on a basket of foreign currencies and consistent withthe integration of our economy into regional and world economy. It is not wish wellly that Cambodiatake a reverse poli cy from its commitment. Second policy is to create currency board agreement in Cambodia. A currency board is amonetary authority, unlike central bank, issue domestic currency that is always convertible toforeign currency at a fixed exchange rate on the basis of 100%. This means that if 1$ = 4000 riel,the currency board wishings 10$ reserve to issue 40000 riel. The currency board makes profit bygaining interest from its foreign reserve by the expense of cost in locomote local currency. The advantage of CBA is the gaining of seigniorage benefit over the dollarization that makes countryloss in that. Although Currency board seems a good choice but it need too much effort fromCambodia and also has side effects. There is an estimated that riel is 10% of the currency ofcirculation and the official reserve is ternary of this which is equal to 30%. Thus, it means thatCambodia need to triple the reserve to collect all dollars in circulation. Therefore, currency boardmay lead to a mass gov ernment debt. Is there any other ways that Cambodia can get moreofficial reserve? Finally, the last alternative for de-dollarization is to use interim policy. Interim policy isto set objective of de-dollarization in eternal term and accelerate reform. In this approach, thegovernment of Cambodia should left the monetary system as they are on the one hand andincrease macroeconomic stability which increase riel confident and demand as well as restoreriel-friendly environment on the other hand. First of all, National Bank of Cambodia plays animportant role in this policy. NBC is the last resort of loan of commercial bank, so NBC provideriel as a mean to refinance. Then Cambodia government should promote the use of riel currencyas a mean of exchange with security and low cost. Last, the NBC can use Treasury bill to attractthe riel financial market by providing higher interest than dollars saving. Beside the role of thebank, the tax policy reform is also taken into account. Demand of rie l can be raised when thereis obligation to pay all kind of tax in riel. Thus, when there is more tax collection in riel impliesmore demand in riel. Besides, the adaptations of existing institution that allow ease thedollarization is important. For example, the minimum wage law in Cambodia is indentify isdollar not riel and the most international organization operated in Cambodia preferred to pay net profit in dollar only while in other country the government required the internationalorganization to pay 30%-40% in local currency. Moreover, there are also surplus demands of rielin microfinance that cannot be fulfilled. it is estimated that microfinance industry demand Riel120 billion in 2008, but the supply is not enough. Thus, it is important to resolve thedollarization-friendly-condition above by remove any status serve for dollarization althoughthere is a certain portion in dollar paying in wage and salary and increase supply of riel inmicrofinance industry.One can criticized that Cambodian government has done a lot in reform for macroeconomicstability but the result is still high dollarization in today economy. Cambodia has esteemed high growth, average two digit growth in last five year, despite the bewitchery from theglobal financial crisis in 2008, yet the there still the same dollarization. In addition, to restoreattract demand in riel as a inexpugnable and low transaction cost currency is not good because thecommercial bank has promote it by giving higher interest rate than dollar deposit already. Theproblem is not focus on what have Cambodian has done, instead it is important to know whatelse needed to achieve long-term goal of de-dollarization. Moreover, gradually de-dollarizationprocess can ease the economy adaption. As result, when the Cambodia reach the macroeconomicstability the authority can take advantage of strong financial system to increase confident in rieland thus to de-dollarized.In conclusion, Dollarization in Cambodia is not the matte r that easily to settle becausethere a high link amid citizen who prefer dollarization as the result of being not confident inriel and weak financial institution and a high loss in the government who is the coordinatorbetween those two. Among the suggested policy in de-dollarization which are full dollarization,currency board agreement and interim policy, the last choice is likely the best option forCambodia because it respresent the allot capacity ot the states as well as allowed people toincrease confident and demand in riel considerable. However, the previouse effort in this policyis not enough so Cambodia need a higher commitment and capacity in this policy. On the otherhand, domestic policy alone may not enough to appropriate with the dollarization which is the resultfrom capital and trade integration. Therefore, regional cooperation combating dollarization canbe the incoming choice for cambodia.MC4 Subregional Cooperation in Dedollarization.Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam have shared common characteristic as the freshemergence economy. Firstly, the three countries or so called clv countries have transformfrom central planned economy to free and open market economy during 1980s and 1990s.Because of the experience of price instability, fragile monetary and exchange rate policy andthe underdeveloped or non existence of financial market make all countries besides tend touse Dollar alongside the local currency despite the different level of dollarization. Althoughdollarization has contribute to price exchange rate stability, it is not the good choice for them inlongterm because the government has lost much seigniorage, benefit and also the role of lastresort of lender of central bank. one hundred fifty-five has tried their own method to dedollarize to cope withshortcoming problems by their own reform so as to gain currency confident and also improvingfinancial institution. Those policies seem to need much effort and time and CLV to achievealone, therefore there is also another choice of subregional cooperation among CLV countriessuch as exchange rate regime and single currency area.For CLV cooperation in monetary and exchange rate policy to combat bothdepolarization and monetary system sustainability which includes price stability, financialstability and exchange rate stability, CLV have to create cooperation environment as a given. First, they have to create a network of policy makers, economist elites, officials,and researcher from all level of government and financial institution to take close surveillanceon CLV economic performance and discuss the possibility of new policy. Moreover, thenetworks should make a regular meeting information exchange, checking progress and alsomake consultant the possible area in economic integration in the region. Secondly, CLVcountries should create strong connection of capital market among them. There are twopossible alternatives for this. The Viet Nam should allow the Cambodian and Laos company to list it stock market or the CLV can create common sequester market of CLV subregion. To developcapital market in CLV countries they also need to make a joint regulation and supervisory toensure transparency to investors and they need to reduce foreign exchange restriction amongthe three countries to reduce exchange rate risk among investor too.After achieving the above precondition in monetary and exchange cooperation above,CLV have two choices which are exchange rate cooperation and monetary cooperation tomultilaterally combat dollarization.First of all, consider the possible of future exchange regime in ASEAN+3 in the East Asianeconomic community, the CLV exchange rate cooperation can be pilot design of the biggerpicture of cooperation. CLV countries should consider the joint peg of currency to Dollar orcurrency basket of currency famously Dollar, Euro and yen while the weight of currencydepends on the trilateral discussion. This common peg to Dollar is a good choice for CLVcoun tries because of several reasons despite some difficulties. First, the stable exchange rate toDollar has showed the strength of currency against outside pas seul thus gain credibility ofcurrency. Second, CLV already adopt restricted fluctuation of currency against Dollar and thosemain trading partner, China also already peg to Dollar. By doing this the three countries willhave less transaction cost in changing their currency to Dollar when they are doing trade and atthe same time their currency will get confident from people since it is stable with Dollar. On theother hand, when CLV peg to the basket of currency including Dollar, Euro and Yen, the CLVcountry can reduce risk when there is currency shocked in US. Instead of rely solely onexchange rate stability with Dollar, CLV reduce the risk by depend on two more majoreconomies, Europe and Japan. There is no correct proportion of the three currencies in thecurrency basket, yet it depends on the economic relation of CLV to the G3 (U S, Europe andJapan) and also their own negotiation. Besides, CLV can move further to subregional currencyboard which ensures the stronger peg to foreign currency thus they get more seignioragebenefit. However, they need much more effort to achieve this. First, they have to create astronger cooperation in coordinating currency policy. Second, they need more foreign reserveto run currency board and it needs high legal endorsement to get people use local currency.In addition to cooperation in Exchange rate regime, it is also important that CLV coopedto create monetary regime. The CLV common currency is a long term goal they require manyeffort from CLV to improve the credibility among public of currency as well as effectiveinstitution to care for the transitional change of currency and strong political will of CLV leaders.Besides, the CLV currency area can be established only after the Asian Currency Unit (ACI)which is similar to European Currency Unite, has been created in ASEAN+3. Wh en there iscommon peg to ACI in ASEAN+3 economy, the CLV will change to peg ACI and they can createtheir own subregional common currency in lower level to increase their voice in ASEANcooperation, in addition to the benefit for Exchange rate regime. However, some scholarsuggests this option is difficult to achieve at least in short and medium term because there aremany political sensitive issue to overcome, weak institution, and flexibility of people.In summary, in order to cooperate with each other so as to dedollarize their economyCLV countries has to two choices of Exchange rate regime and single currency. Those policiesare only achievable when CLV countries have strong radix of cooperation in critical aresuch economic consolation and information sharing, joint assessment and so on. They can morebenefit from this cooperation rather than victorious action individually however it is only longtermgoal for them. In prospect there is still possibility to get out dollarization when C LV aredetermined enough in cooperation.MC5 Dollarization and Implication of Financial Architecture Reform Cambodia among CLV is solely dollarized countries in the world which face the problems. Dollarization is the common problem in developing countries such as Latin America also. Thus the case of dollarization in Cambodia can also reflect the situation of the change of financial architecture that affect the financial and monetary system in the world. Dollarization is the symptom of weak ability of domestic financial structure, historical price in stability and political problems urges people to use foreign currency. While the government the seigniorage benefit and role of last resort of lender the people enjoy the stability of money in deposit as well as trade and investment. Rooted from the globalization there are three main debates in global financial system Does dollarization good for developing country? Should states liberalize people choice in using currency they like or impo se people to choose national fiat money? Should IMF play important role in the world exchange rate stability? Does dollarization good for developing country? Dollarization can give price and exchange rate stability in low cost in most emergence market economy. Hanke suggest developing countries to use dollarization in case that the states do not have strong monetary and fiscal policy to tighten currency value in long term should use dollarization as monetary institution. The above idea is not raised by him alone some scholar also jut choice of dollarization because of several reasons. First, considering the financial and dept crisis during 1980s and 1990s in much part of the world and thus leads to increase of high inflation, currency devaluation and mass capital outflow by foreign investors. When developing country dollarization they can stabilize the currency, exchange rate. When those countries use a high confident and good quality currency like dollar in economy is no possibil ity of a sharp depreciation, and sudden capital outflows because of investor unconfident is also omitted. Second, dollarization can highly reduce transaction cost and integrate developing economy closer to US. Thirdly, the stability of dollar in the economy as currency in developing countries will advertize people to save more and foreigner to invest more. However, dollarization is costly. Government of developing countries need to scarify seigniorage benefit in dollarized economy and the Central bank losses its role of lender of last resort to the commercial bank in case there is liquidity problems. Moreover, the states will lose its sovereignty in term of monetary policy and exchange rate policy. Thus, it is a critical decision to whether or not to dollarize in developing countries because they have to compare the benefit of dollarization the cost to bear it as well as balancing the internal risk with external risk.Should states liberalize people choice in using currency they li ke or impose people to choose national fiat money? According to Laurence H. Meyer, a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System when there is more global financial integration the government should increase role in market discipline, regulation and also supervision in money and also exchange rebate. The states should improve the international capital standard, market discipline. The state has monopolized the authorization on Money discipline by introduces national currency to show the selfhelp system in term of currency and also gains seigniorage benefit. However, Randal Krozner, an economist at the University of Chicagos Graduate, rejects the role of government in currency circulating. He claim that private regulation found in private actors such as clearing house, credit rating agency, trader, capitalist investor, and others has provided stability and innovation because they work closely to financial and currency market. He advises that the government should re duce the intervention in the financial and monetary system and let the dynamic private sector to regulate the system. In short, while some scholar support government role in regulation the currency market, some ot

Sir Francis Drake :: Essays Papers

Sir Francis Drake El Draque or The Dragon the Spanish cal lead this English admiral out of fear. Sir Francis Drake was born at Crownsdale, near Tavistock, Devon around the 1540s. He served, as an apprentice in the Thames Coastal Trade after his father became a preacher at Chatham. He led several expeditions against the Spanish Main as well as an attack against the Spanish city of Cadiz. Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and he helped defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588. He was a successful privateer, a talented navigator and cardinal of the most famous seawork force in history.Drake made several voyages to the Caribbean with English jak John Hawkins in the 1560s, which were the early years of Drakes career. They were not privateering voyages, but attempts to smuggle Spanish goods into the colonies. On the third voyage Hawkins fleet of six ships, one commanded by Sir Francis Drake, were driven into the Gulf of Mexico by a hurricane. The ships we re led into the Vera Cruz port and demanded supplies. The Spanish however had a different plan of assaulting and killing many men and destroying four ships. Drake and Hawkins returned to England safely but, this incident led to Drakes desire for revenge on the Spaniards. In 1572 Drake sailed from England with two ships and 73 men. They landed at a belittled island called the Isle of Pines and began preparations for his attack on the Spanish. His plan was to sack the city of Nombre de Dios. On their first attempt they did not succeed but they made another presently after. They then took the town of Nombre de Dios on the Isthmus of Panama, they captured a ship in the harbor of Cartagena, they burned Portobello, they crossed and re-crossed the isthmus, and they captured three mule trains bearing 30 lashings of silver.Drakes real opportunity came in 1577 when Queen Elizabeth gave him a grant to make the first circumnavigation of the world by an Englishman. On December 13th Dr ake sailed from Plymouth in the Golden Hind with four other small ships and about 160 men. They were set out to raid the Spanish property on the Pacific marge of the New World. He abandoned two ships in the Rio de Plata in South America, and, with the remaining three, navigated the Straights of Magellan.

Operation Barbarossa Essay -- essays research papers

subprogram BARBAROSSAThe invasion of Russia was the largest military campaign of the Second World War. Operation Barbarossa, as it was known, was launched on 22 June 1941 and exculpately took Russia by surprise.The widening war raging in Africa and eastern Europe were key distractions for Hitler from his ultimate goal of attacking Russia.Although the British legions remained undefeated in the west, Hitlers goal proved an urgency for him to cast down moving on the east. Whilst planning was made throughout 1940 for the invasion of Russia, time was brotherly towards the Russians and they continued to mobilize their resources and strengthen their defense forces.The invasion of the Germans was a complete surprise as Russian dictator, Josef Stalin, had failed to acknowledge the increasing German troop concentrations on the border and he had also ignored British intelligence reports stating that Germany had intend to attack.Hitler once again used the Blitzkrieg technique with German t anks and air reason leading the attack. There were three powerful German armies, made up of over 3 million men which moved into Russia. As one army group headed north towards Leningrad, a center group headed towards Moscow and a southern group moved to capture the food producing area of the Ukraine. By now, the Germans were thrill with their fast advancements and initial success, including the fact that they had captured over 400 000 Russian soldiers.In late July, the advance on Leningrad and Mosco... Operation Barbarossa Essay -- essays research papers OPERATION BARBAROSSAThe invasion of Russia was the largest military campaign of the Second World War. Operation Barbarossa, as it was known, was launched on 22 June 1941 and completely took Russia by surprise.The widening war raging in Africa and eastern Europe were key distractions for Hitler from his ultimate goal of attacking Russia.Although the British army remained undefeated in the west, Hitlers goal proved an urgency for him to begin moving on the east. Whilst planning was made throughout 1940 for the invasion of Russia, time was favorable towards the Russians and they continued to mobilize their resources and strengthen their defense forces.The invasion of the Germans was a complete surprise as Russian dictator, Josef Stalin, had failed to acknowledge the increasing German troop concentrations on the border and he had also ignored British intelligence reports stating that Germany had intended to attack.Hitler once again used the Blitzkrieg technique with German tanks and air power leading the attack. There were three powerful German armies, made up of over 3 million men which moved into Russia. As one army group headed north towards Leningrad, a center group headed towards Moscow and a southern group moved to capture the food producing area of the Ukraine. By now, the Germans were thrilled with their fast advancements and initial success, including the fact that they had captured over 400 000 Russian soldiers.In late July, the advance on Leningrad and Mosco...

Volunteering: Contribution to the Community Essay -- Community Service

Never doubt that a sm both group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world indeed, its the only thing that ever has.- Margaret MeadVolunteerism, in its conceptual form, includes the individual or collective efforts of willing individuals, known as volunteers, to act in ways which work toward the betterment of oneself, other individuals, communities, and/or society. This comment remains subjective in its ambiguity regarding the meaning of betterment, as well as in the sense that the means to bettering oneself may be in withdraw opposition to the means necessary to better another individual or society. Despite the subjectivity of this definition, this cosmopolitan description of volunteerism is necessary for communication within the aforementioned(prenominal) framework and reference in this discussion.In our Christian language, we may prefer to call volunteering, serving. Service moves from mere physical motions to human action (Wuthnow 1991 45). Service incorporates a ll aspects of our humanity, instead of just the physical need at hand. Love, justice, compassion, action, presence, and understanding embody the cultural framework of Christian service, to which this human action refers. Service goes a standard further than volunteering ones free afternoon to dish out food at a local soup kitchen it sits down and eats with the homeless and shares in their experiences.The general volunteer trend in the United States is one in which an individual volunteers his/her time, services, or funds. As Newsweeks article Powells New War demonstrates, most Americans perceive volunteering as an act in which one must do something and nice gesture which has benefits. Though this observation is a generalization, rarely do Americans view voluntee... ...l as in the method to accomplish it. One connection however, is their similar quest for creating a framework of support in which persons can feel valued and needed. The idea of financial support reflects a similar n otion of the mentoring relationship found in Powells model of volunteerism. The difference, however is that mentors take on a parental role, while the goal of addendum is to stay away from any sign of paternalism.Works CitedAaker, Jerry. Partners With The Poor, New York Friendship Press, 1993. Alter, Jonathan. Powells New War. Newsweek 28 April 1997 27&SHY37. Chambers, Robert. Rural Development Putting the remainder First. New York John Wiley & Sons, 1983. Ohrt, Wallace. Accidental Missionaries. Downers Grove, Illinois InterVarsity Press, 1991. Wuthnow, Robert. Acts of Compassion. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1991.

Political and Emotional Dictatorship within Junot Diazs Brief and Wond

Political and Emotional Dictatorship within Junot Diazs Brief and Wondrous Life of Oscar WaoWorks Cited MissingJunot Daz published his first tonic and second book The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao in 2006, forty-five years after the 1930-1961 rule of Trujillo over the Dominican Republic collapsed. Thats the central penning of the novel dictatorship. It concerns not only political, man-over-man, Trujillo-brutal dictatorship (though that is a haunting image throughout), but also psychological despots the dictatorship of fear, of orphanage, of blighted love, of displacement, of cancer, of nerdiness, of ostracization, of obesity, of unrequited love, of male internal hunger (both under- and over-supplemented), and, above all, of fuk?a general curse or doom, as Daz explains in his introduction, that they say ... came from Africa, carried in the screams of the enslaved, they say it was the death cuss of the Tainos, uttered just as one world perished and another began (1). But Daz is d isciplined in his craft he doesnt just fritter away despots higgledy-piggledy throughout the novel, no, Daz presents the theme following a definitive structure that resembles a V?starting at one doom (one despot) and expanding to encompass several. The main characters of the novel?those of and around the Cabral-Wao lineage?are subject (victim) to this pattern. Fuk, of course, is not simply and superstitiously a general curse, really it represents the ethnic upheaval (to say the least) of the Dominican Republic and the rest of the Latin American world that started when the Spaniards discovered the New World?or when the U.S. invaded Santo Domingo in 1916 (212). So fuk is imperialism. Daz couldnt possibly chronicle within a... ...car Wao is powerless against that. Junot Daz himself clearly sympathizes with the victims of oppression, is no totalitarian, hierarchic right-winger. This is evident simply in his narrative style a slang-wielding, street-friendly, straight-forward minimali st, unafraid to use what others would consider ?unworthy? of literature. His liberal approach, executed of course with an immense talent and discretion (just using the word ?Homedog? doesn?t make a literary genius), delivers a visceral intimacy of the environment and dispositions of his characters that require no decoding to enjoy, accomplishes what Wordsworth and Whitman intended free literature from its academic stronghold. Daz?s non-hierarchical stance is incandescent, but, as history has shown, the above goal likely won?t be achieved by a single hand. And that?s only fall in of the struggle for democracy.